Social interactions can be baffling for people on the autism spectrum. They may become easily overwhelmed or frustrated when they try to develop and sustain friendships. Making friends can be frightening, confusing and anxiety-provoking for people with autism. There are various reasons why people with autism may find it challenging to make and maintain friendships.
1. They may be unsure of what to say or how to say it.
Conversation can be a minefield for people with autism. Initiating conversation (finding things to say) can be challenging. Even though they may like to speak and want to make friends, they may be too worried to do so or may be unsure of whether the feelings are mutual. When people feel especially anxious, they may get tongue-tied or forget what they want to say altogether. This is very true for some people on the spectrum.
2. They may struggle to understand body language, facial expressions and gestures.
They may not realise that being in a certain proximity means people are trying to be friendly. A lot of people with autism may find it hard to tell a fake friend from a true friend, leading to bullying. However, social skills sessions are beneficial in supporting students with autism to recognise these signs, learn how to read other’s and adapt their own non-verbal cues according to the context.
3. They may become particularly anxious in certain social situations.
Several people with autism also experience heightened levels of anxiety, particularly in social situations, given the nature of the condition. Making friends can cause anxiety because of the high expectations people set and any self-consciousness people with autism have. There is often an expectation to keep up with other people, which those with autism can struggle with. Social media can be useful in developing friendships as the focus is only on the words, not the overwhelming non-verbal cues that goes with communication and can reduce the anxiety that face-to-face interactions can bring.
4. Making compromises and coping with routine changes can be challenging due to inflexible ‘black and white’ thought processes.
Having a routine provides predictability and comfort; it is a way of reducing anxiety. Therefore, people with autism may struggle if other people change their minds after plans have been arranged or turn up late. This can cause immense frustration. This can also mean they may find it hard to see other people’s perceptions of situations. Having clear arrangements with friends, including knowing when interactions will begin and end and explaining how the person feels if the plan is cancelled, can be really helpful.
5. They may not feel confident in their own abilities.
Feeling self-conscious, timid and anxious can make it undoubtedly harder for people with autism to establish friendships. Negative self-talk can lead to feelings of inadequacy. Confidence building and resiliency sessions, the use of coping cue cards and being aware of what being and having a friend means can be of benefit.
6. They may latch on to previous negative experiences and expect the same thing to happen in every friendship.
The breakdown of some friendships can lead to feelings of worthlessness, isolation and upset. It can be extremely difficult for a person with autism to move on from past memories and experiences, meaning that they may associate present or future social relationships with previous, negative situations.
7. Disclosing autism to people can be a hard thing to decide.
There are many advantages and disadvantages of disclosing autism to people, including those you want to be friends with. Some people may not look beyond the ‘label’ and explore the many strengths of the person with autism. This can make it hard for people to make friends as other people may not be open-minded or understanding. It can be incredibly frustrating and upsetting if a friendship breaks down because the autism is disclosed, but this can often mean the other person is not worth your time and effort. On the other hand, if a positive relationship is formed, the person may have an in-depth understanding of the condition and this would give people a chance to reveal their true colours. Autism can have many positives; it’s important to be proud of who you are and make small steps towards achieving your goals.
8. They may appear to be too over-friendly.
People with autism may get easily attached to people, leading them to become over-friendly. It can be difficult to understand other people’s roles and perceptions, therefore what they feel is appropriate, may be considered as socially unacceptable. This misunderstanding can lead to a difficulty in establishing friendships. I think laying down boundaries and understanding how to behave around particular people in the social network is beneficial; Michelle Garcia Winner’s Social Thinking concept could support learning around this topic.
9. Emotional understanding, regulation and expression can be challenging.
They may be very sensitive to other people’s thoughts. They may also find it hard to understand the stages of friendships, which can lead to confused emotions. They may struggle to cope with anxiety that could be linked to them not knowing what to say in conversations. Anxiety can lead to the avoidance of social situations. This can make the individual with autism become socially isolated, meaning they have limited opportunities to make new friends. Trying to explore appropriate expressions of emotion and developing a small, positive social network can be a useful tool.
10. There is a constant expectation to maintain the friendship.
Keeping in contact with friends can be difficult because people on the autism spectrum may not know how often to contact their friend and may become upset and disappointed if their friend doesn’t reply for whatever reason; this may lead to them feeling as though they’ve upset their friend. This may cause overwhelming anxiety and frustration.
It is important to work around these challenges to develop worthwhile, positive relationships with those on the spectrum. People need to have an understanding and supportive approach and be aware that everyone with autism is different. Some people with autism may crave social interactions on a regular basis, whereas others prefer more alone time. It is important to be respectful of the person’s needs and ask them directly, what they would like and how social situations can be made easier. Making small adjustments and compromises can help those with autism feel more comfortable and able to express themselves. People with autism are just like anyone else; they want the opportunity to be involved and contribute. Often, those with autism are fun-loving, inquisitive and kind-hearted, so please take some extra time to include and get to know them.
To support children and young people with autism to develop friendships and gain self-confidence, I have set up a monthly social group in North Somerset. We organise a variety of engaging activities that the young people would like to participate in. To get involved, please get in touch!
Written by Lauren Smith
A Different Perspective CIC
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